Networks Library Research

www.cs.earlham.edu/~cayaraa/networks_lib.html

Aaron Cayard-Roberts

Networks and networking

Library Research Project

Part 1

Ed Krol:

Ed Krol, Author of The Whole Internet User's Guide & Catalog and Hitchhiker's Guide to the Internet, is the assistant director for Network Information Services, Computing and Communications Service Office, University of Illinois, Urbana. Originally from Chicago Krol went to the University of Illinois as a student but he never left. In 1985 Krol became part of the networking group at the University of Illinois. By the time the National Center for Supercomputer Applications was formed he was the network manager. At the National Center for Supercomputer Applications he managed the installation of the original NSFnet. It was also around this time that he wrote the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Internet. His reasoning for write this book was because it was so hard to get information on the Internet and he was sick of telling the same story to everyone.

Philip Zimmermann:

Philip Zimmermann is probably best known for his work in a powerful encryption program called "Pretty Good Privacy" (PGP). This program was aimed at protecting E-mail and other electronic transactions that take place on the Internet. Philip Zimmermann is trying to make the Internet a saver place then what it is now. In an interview with CommunicationsWeek Zimmermann compares the Security of the Internet to that of a Cellular phone. His encryption program, PGP, was considering being banned by Congress in 1991 which lead him to the decision to give away PGP for free because he feared for Americans’ privacy rights. When he began giving his software away he never intended for it to travel over seas. He said, “I wanted to strengthen democracy, to ensure that Americans could continue to protect their privacy.” (CommunicationsWeek 25) He is currently working on a new program called PGPphone, which would allow someone to have a secure conversation through the Internet using PGP. He is also planning on making this program free to the public.

John Perry Barlow:

John Perry Barlow is the co founder of the EFF (Electronic Frontier Foundation). Barlow believes that the Internet is a new frontier that will be a major contribution to the shaping of society in the future. One of his goals for the EFF was to try and keep the Internet a free “place where anybody anywhere could say whatever they thought without fear of censure.” (Educom Review 25) He also believes that the Internet is providing a new and wonderful way for interactions between people to take place. With the use of e-mail and then working up to more personal interactions, people that don’t start out very social can use the net as training wheels. Barlow also believes that the internet can initiate meaningful interactions from people in completely different geographical regions and after braking the ice they will want to “and climb up that spectrum of interaction until you get to the point where you are at the highest ever of information exchange, which is face to face; or really, you know, making love.” (Educom Review 25)

Barlow also has many different opinions. One is his belief that the net is very separate from TV. He believes that unlike TV the net is “conversational, not informational. I'm saying the Net is a two-way exchange; it's not a one-way exchange. And I'm saying it's something that survives not on selling the attention of the audience on the advertisers, but in generating attention in the way that human beings more naturally generate attention--through interaction with one another.” (Educom Review 25) He also thinks that there should

Paul Vixie:

Paul Vixie is the senior vice president of Internet services at White Plains, N.Y.-based Metromedia Fiber Network Inc. Vixie is also a top-notch anti-spamming advocate. He is the developer of the software that runs most of the Internet’s Domain Name System and started the RBL around 1996. The RBL, which stands for the Real-time Blackhole List, is a list of bulk e-mailers’ IP addresses which is then used by the MAPS (Mail Abuse Prevention System) project which blocks e-mail from the groups on the RBL. Paul Vixie says he started the RBL “because I was pissed off that a shared cooperative resource -- the IP [Internet Protocol] address space -- was being abused by a small set of spammers at the expense of everyone else." (Spangler 40) Vixie has faced lots criticism because MAPS blocks all e-mail from the groups on the RBL even e-mail that isn’t spam. This can be quite devistainting since almost 2,000 ISPs, an estimated 30 percent of all Internet destinations, according to MAPS, currently use the RBI, which is available for free on the Internet.

Eric S. Raymond:

Eric Raymond is a figurehead in the open source community. He has written several essays that are centered on the open source movement. The two essays he's probably best known for are The Cathedral and the Bazaar and The Halloween Documents. The Cathedral and the Bazaar is made up of 3 essays: The Cathedral and The Bazaar, which describes rules of thumb for successful open-source programming, Homesteading the Noosphere, which describes the open-source community as a gift culture and how that ties in with the taboos of the open-source culture, and The Magic Cauldron, which describes new software business models for open source. The Halloween Documents are annotations of a Microsoft memorandum that analyzes Linux and suggests strategies that Microsoft should use. In addition to those documents Eric Raymond is also the editor of The New Hacker's Dictionary (which began as the online Jargon File). One of Raymond’s big successes stories that he talks about in The Cathedral and The Bazaar is Fetchmail, which he is the author of. Fetchmail is one of the Internets widest used email transport programs, which also happens to be open source.

Jon Postel:

Jon Postel was an early Internet pioneer that began his days on ARPAnet. He would keep track of the ARPAnet address’s names and numbers. Postel was a computer scientist at the University of California's Information Sciences Institute. He later founded IANA and has been the director since its inception. As time passed Postel also edited many Requests for Comments (RFCs), which are the informal proposals that contributed perhaps more than anything else to the technical building of the Internet. Postel is also responsible for many of the low level protocols that the Internet runs on such as Domain Name System, File Transfer Protocol, telnet, and the basic Internet Protocol (IP) itself. Sortly before Postel’s death he also wrote the proposal of transferring IANA’s responsibilities over to a non-profit company, now know as ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), which would control domain name registration.

Vinton Cerf:

Vinton Cerf led the team at Standford in the early 1970s (along with Robert Kahn), which developed TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), which was the basis for the first computer networks used by the military. After leading the research effort at Standford to specify the TCP protocol Cerf accepted an offer ot join ARPA in 1976. Because of how much time he has spent working on Internet projects Cerf has sometimes been called the “father of the Internet”. Vinton Cerf is currently the senior vice president for Internet architecture and technology at MCI WorldCom Corp. He was also president of the Internet Society from 1992 to 1995 and, now in his second time at MCI, during the first he created MCI Mail. Cerf is now in charge of designing MCI's data services offerings, including its Internet services.

The WELL

The WELL was created on April 1, 1985 as a VAX computer and a rack of 6 modems hooked up to 6 phone lines in a set of offices located Sausalito, California. Larry Brilliant, a physician and software entrepreneur, and Steward Brand, founder of Whole Earth Catalog, started the WELL community. They were inspired by some of the existing bulletin board services (BBSs) to make a one of there own which would reflect some of the original goals of the Whole Earth Catalog. Before the VAX was even set up Brand was coming up with ideas of what he wanted the WELL to be like. He didn’t want just another BBS, he wanted something that would attract lots of different kinds of people. He wanted to re-create the Whole Earth Catalog in computer conference form, to take every item in the catalog and turn it into a topic for online discussion. He also wanted to attract journalist as well so he decided to offer them free WELL accounts and as low as possible rate for everyone else. To set the WELL apart form the other BBSs Brand wanted to include some aspects of the physical world to the WELL to hold the community together. "Brand had an awareness that you had to have that sense of the physical environment and the local culture and flavor for the community to work”, says John Perry Barlow, who joined The Well in 1986. (Wired.com 3) Steward Brand also had the idea of making sure every user on the WELL where making there comments as individuals and not anonymous users. He did this buy making sure there was a link to everyone’s real name from his or her login name. Although when the well started it only had a few dozen people, most of whom where from Whole Earth, now it’s not uncommon to find 90,000 words of new postings to the public "conferences".

w3.org:

w3.org or W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) was created in 1994 to try and shape the World Wide Web for the better by developing common protocols so the growth of the web will continue without problems. Tim Berners-Lee, inverter of the Web, founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Laboratory for Computer Science [MIT/LCS]. Because the W3C has no real enforcement powers it has to rely on the goodwill of the international web community to convince competing companies to go along with the standards that they create. This also makes there job very difficult, because they must try to push the standards though as fast as they possibly can so that businesses don’t become impatient and just make there own individual standards, which would cause lots of diversity in the web format. The W3C works by having small working groups, each in charge of producing a certain specification, which have closed meetings and then publish progress reports to the W3C web site every three months. They try and keep the size of the groups fairly small, 15-25 members, so that the number of different people voicing there own options doesn’t slow the process down more then necessary.

Brain Behlendorf:

Brian Behlendorf was one of the original Apache Group members who made the Apache HTTP Server Project. It was formed in 1995 as an effort to produce an open-source, commercial-grade Web server using the Internet standards for HTTP. Software produced by the Apache HTTP Server Project serves over 61% of all public Internet websites, according to the June 1999 Netcraft Web Server Survey.

More recently Behlendorf founded Collab.Net in 1999.Collab.Net works with software companies to improve there bottom line by automating their software development processes using web-based collaborative development solutions (open source). Behlendorf has also been employed by O'Reilly & Associates as a software developer and chief technology officer for new ventures.

There are some other not so computer related things that Brian has been involved in. Back in 1991 he was organizing all-night techno dance parties known as “raves.” At one rave on Bonny Doon beach near Santa Cruz, Calif. 3,000 people showed up. The only promotion was via E-mail and word of mouth. He later formed SFRaves, a website that has information about where raves are going to be held and general information sharing. Brian has also attended Burning Man out in the Black Rock Desert.

Xerox PARC:

The Xerox Corporation formed the PARC, or Palo Alto Research Center, in 1970 with the mission to create the architecture of information. The PARC is known for many great inventions that almost all modern computers take advantage of today. Things like the mouse, the GUI (graphical user interface), bitmaps, laser printing, Ethernet, and object-oriented programming (Smalltalk) where all developed at the PARC. Although the PARK is credited for these inventions almost all of the money was made my other companies like Apple, Microsoft, and Hewlett Packard. It is because of this that Xerox has been considering putting the PARC up for sale to help billion-dollar losses that the company has had. The PARC is far from dead though. One of the current big pictures that the PARC is focusing on is the Internet. Currently a PARC research team has been chosen by the World Wide Web Consortium to lead the design for the next generation of HTTP.

The PARC makes an effort of putting together lots of people from a large range of disciplines and cultures. Emplyees have backgrounds in areas like computer science, mathematics, physics, electrical engineering, sociology, linguistics, music, art, and anthropology. They relay on these people to have ideas that play off of each other, allowing for some very unexpected and sometimes wonderful ideas.

BBN:

Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) was originally founded in 1948 by two Massachusetts Intitute of Technology professors, Richard Bolt and Leo Bernanek. They originally just consulted on the acoustic design of the United Nations General Assembly hall in New York City. Robert Newman, an MIT graduate student, joined them a little later. Bolt Beranek then did some work with submarine detection systems and other military work-software for battlefield simulations, communications, and computer networks. They company was very dependent on these revenues from the government research at a time when defense was starting to drop off, so they decided to aim at some commercial markets. Stephen R. Levy, now chief executive, helped in doing this by establishing the first commercial packet-switching network, Telnet. Another employee of BBN was Ray Tomlinson who came up with a program called cross-Arpanet mail, the first e-mail program. Tomlinson came up with this program while he was supposed to be working on a operating system to run on “bargain-basement hardware.” He was worried about his work on it since he wasn’t supposed to do it until the director of DARPA began using the system to do all of his communication. Tomlinson is also responsible for the @ sign that is so popular in all of today’s e-mails.

BBN is currently working on a technology called cell switching. Cell switching is related to the earlier packet switching network except it is designed to work at very high speeds, assigning priorities to packets of data, and economically grow as the capacity of the communications channels expand.

EFF:

The Electronic Frontier Foundation, EFF, was founded in 1990 by Mitchell D. Kapor and John Perry Barlow, is based in San Francisco, California. The EFF is a non-profit organization that hopes to protect civil liberties such as privacy and the freedom of expression in the area of computers and the Internet. To do this the EFF sponsors court cases like the CDA (Communications Decency Act of 1995), which made it a federal offense to make indecent or obscene material available to persons less than 18 years of age. In addition to cases the EFF maintains a very up to date website www.eff.org which contains lots of up to date information concerning free speech, encryption, and privacy issues relating to computer and the Internet.

The EFF is currently working on a case defending Reimerdes, Corley and Kazan against MPPA, Motion Picture Association of America, over the software De CSS, a DVD-encryption describing program that is meant to be a DVD player for the Linux platform. In the music industry the EFF is asking hackers to boycott SDMI’s contest. SDMI is working on protection technology that will stop the duplication of CD’s for distribution over the Internet, which compensates the copyright holder. The EFF wrote, “We question the motives of SDMI, which has indicated an interest in severely limiting your ability to listen to digital recordings in your favorite format and in undermining all attempts at non-SDMI-compliant music distribution models.”

Tim Berners-Lee:

Tim Berners-Lee made a name for himself with the creation of a networking project, which he decided to call the World Wide Web. It was originally created as a way of keeping documents up to date and available to the researchers at CERN, the European Laboratory for Partial Physics, in 1990. Berners-Lee merged already existing distributed networking and hypertext into a communications protocol called HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) which used a simple implementation of hypertext called HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) along with URI (Uniform Resource Identifier), so that hypertext links could be created among networked computers. The WWW wasn’t a big hit with CERN, but it exploded in the Internet community. Around 1994 Berners-Lee left CERN for MIT to help create the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and remains as director.

Tim Berners-Lee’s current work is involved in a new idea called the Semantic Web, which will represent the data on the Web in a way that is human readable and in a format which makes it easier for computers to meaningfully act on information in Web pages.

Whitfield Diffie:

Whitfield Diffie, a sixties radical, has a passionate interest in keeping people’s private lives private. His answer to protecting citizens from the government and there selves was cryptography. In 1976 Whitfield Diffie devised the concept of public key cryptography solving many of the Single-key encryption problems. In classical cryptography the key controls how the plaintext is transformed into ciphertext. The problem with this is knowing how to encrypt messages tells you how to de-crypt them as well. Public key cryptography uses two keys, one private and the other public. The two keys are related so anything you encrypted with one can be decrypted with the other, but they also have the property that if you’re told one key you can’t figure out the other one. Public key cryptography can also be used to make digital signatures.

Diffie seriously started down the path to cryptography in 1972 when his boss at MIT, Diffie was working as a computer programmer to avoid the Vietnam War, was asked to look into security on the ARPAnet. After the war Diffie quit his job and became the world’s first public cryptographer. Diffie currently works for Sun Microsystems as an engineer in San Mateo.

Martin Hellman:

Martin Hellman is a Professor of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University. He co-authored the award-winning paper "New Directions in Cryptography" in which the announcemant of public key cryptography was made, including Diffie-Hellman key exchange. Professor Hellman has advised several successful start-up companies, including PayPal, ValiCert, Blue Steel Networks (purchased by Broadcom), and Arcot Systems. He obtained his Ph.D. from Stanford University.

Hellman first meet up with Whitfield Diffie on one of Diffie’s car trips back and forth across the continent. Hellman was a young professor of electrical engineering at Stanford at the time. From 1975 to 1978, Diffie and Hellman co-authored several now-classic papers on public key cryptography.

Howard Rheingold:

Howard Rheingold is the author of the site Electric Minds, which is meant to transformation of the Web into a social

Web," Rheingold says. Electric Minds is made to attract people that just want to stop in and commune about lots of things, including the impact of technology on life. Rheingold’s first experience with on-line communities was in 1986 when he happened to come across the WELL when he was a free-lance writer. Later he went on to write a book, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier, which provides a human-centered understanding of community formation on the net, from which users can begin to search for net communities to call their own.

Robert Metcalfe:

Robert Metcalfe joined Xerox PARC in 1972 to participate in the early development of personal computing. Within a year of working at Xerox PARC Metcalf had invented Ethernet, which is now accepted throughout the industry as the defacto-networking standard, connecting some 50 million computers. In 1970 Metcalfe left Xerox and founded 3Com where he became the vice president of technology for the International Data Group. Robert Metcalfe is now a journalist for Infoworld (which he was formally publisher for) who likes throwing intellectual bombs. His current fling has been the predicted periodic collapses of an overloaded and poorly managed Internet, which has angered a sizable number of people who think that the Internet shouldn’t be managed at all.

Ted Nelson:

Ted Nelson hasn’t been compared to Charles Babbage without good reason. He has started many things and never brought them to a conclusion. He has written an unfinished autobiography and produced unfinished films. His houseboat is full of unsigned letters and incomplete notes. He has been working on a philosophy of everything called General Schematics, but the text remains in thousands of pieces, scattered on sheets of paper, file cards, and sticky notes. But as Nelson explains it, he has never been able to finish anything because “the first step to anything I ever wanted to do was Xanadu.” Xanadu was Nelson’s great idea for what the Internet of today should have been. One of its biggest problems though is that it has been in development for more then 30 years, which makes it the longest-running vaporware story in the history of the computing industry. Xanadu was supposed to include features like transclusion, which unlike the webs links would fetch a used passage from the original document and transclude it into whatever document is viewed. This way of quoting would give way to tracking rights of management, allowing publishers to charge tiny payments (a micropyment) which would be charged to anyone viewing part of the document.

Ted Nelson also has a knack for coining new words. His successful ones include “hypertext”, “hypermedia”, and “micorpayment”. He as also coined many words such as “poswards”, “negwards”, and “poomfilade” which have not, but this doesn’t stop him from using them, often to the bewilderment of others.

Ted Nelson is still working on new ideas. In 1998 he started an open-source software project called “ZigZag” in a challenge to the paper style of current computerized documents. He is also has been working on a new kind of word-processor that Nelson insists will be released sometime soon.

Part 2

RFCs:

The Request for Comments (RFCs) started its life in 1969 as a series of notes about the Internet, originally the ARPAnet. These notes where centered on things such as networking protocols, procedures, programs, and concepts but also contained meeting notes, opinions, and occasionally humor. Today the RFCs also contain specification documents of the Internet protocol suite, which where defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and its steering group the IESG. This makes the RFC publications process a very important part of the Internet standards process. RFCs are officially published in English, however because they refer to the Internet, which is international, translations into other languages besides English are very desirable and useful. The existing translations are available in repositories.

There are many different steps to creating an RFC. The fist step is the publication of the document in the form of an Internet Draft, which may be read and commented on. Once the document has been posted as an I-D an e-mail must be sent to rfc-editor@rfc-editor.org which says that the document is to be considered as an Information or Experimental RFC, depending on the content. The RFC Editor will then request the IESG to review the document and give comments and or suggestions about the RFC. After the document has been approved it will be edited and published. If the document is rejected as a Do Not Publish the author will be CC’d on the email so they may know the reasons why. After the RFC is ready to be published the author is given 48 hours to make any small fixes such as spelling mistakes and missing words and that all of the information is up to date.

There is a very strict format for submitting the initial Internet Draft form of the RFC. One of them is how bytes and bits are represented in the document. RFCs specify byte bit ordering in accordance to a US DOD rule which made byte zero be the first byte in an address range, and bit zero the most significant bit in a word. Another example is the use of the words MUST, MAY, and SHOULD. They want to make sure that one of these words are never used in a place where they shouldn’t been which would make a requirement where there doesn’t need to be one. Every document also has to have a particular status associated with it. These statuses include informational, historic, experimental, proposed standard, draft standard, internet (full) standard, and best current practice. These all refer to what the RFC will be about. The Internet Draft must also be in ASCII. No 8bit chars are currently allowed. Another one of the very spcific things is that all Internet Drafts must began with one and only one of the following three statements:

               This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance

               with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.

               This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance

               with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026 except that the

               right to produce derivative works is not granted.

               This document is an Internet-Draft and is NOT offered in

               accordance with Section 10 of RFC2026, and the author does not

               provide the IETF with any rights other than to publish as an

               Internet-Draft

The list of requirements does not stop here although I think I will : )

Vint Cerf tells about many of the heroes of the RFCs that haven’t been acknowledged in a document about the past 30 years of RFCs. One of then was Steve Crocker who made the list because he wrote RFC 1. Cerf tells how clear visioned Steve was and how his document became the template for many of the Internets founding groups such as the International Networking Group. He also acknowledges Jonathan Postel for his devotion to the RFCs from the very start. He also gives him the rightful credit for being the reason that the material is of the quality that it is today. Cerf says, “it was his devotion to quality and his remarkable mix of technical and editing skills that permeate many of the more monumental RFCs that dealt with what we now consider the TCP/IP standards.” (30 Years of RFCs) The next hero is Joyce K. Reynolds who was with Jon much of the time that he was the RFC editor. She had the same kind of passion for quality that was embodied in Jon. He says that it was impossible to tell which of the two had edited any particular RFC. The last unsung hero that Cerf talks about is Bob Branden. He holds the USC/ISI accountable for much of the quality of the RFCs, which included Jon, Joyce, and Bob among others. He also says that Bob deserves tremendous appreciation for writing RFC 1122 and 1123, which are two enormous contributions to the clarity of the Internet standards. Bob also lead the End-to-End Research Group for many years, which produced some of the most important RFCs that refined our understanding of optimal implementation of the protocols, especially TCP.

IETF:

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is an international community that has been brought together by the evolution of the Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet. They have responsibility for developing and reviewing specifications intended as Internet Standards. There is no formal membership in the IETF. Participation in the form of on-line contribution, face-to-face or both, are open to everyone interested. All of the technical work at the IETF is done by working groups, which are organized by topic into several areas such as routing, transport, and security. Almost all of the communication of the groups is done via mailing list. Every 4 months the IETF will hold meetings for the groups. One or two Area Directors, or Ads manage these groups. The Ads along with the IETF chair make up the members of the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). The IESG approves IETF standards as well as other publications of the IETF. The IAB or Internet Architecture Board provides guidance and broad direction to the IETF. They are responsible for defining the overall architectural of the Internet (go figure). They are also in charge of appeals that are made when someone thinks that the IESG has failed. Internet Society (ISOC) charters Both the IAB and the IESG for these purposes. There is also a General Area Director how serves as the chair of the IESG and the IETF, and is an ex-officio member of the IAB.

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approximately 17.5 hours of work